Education

• Most psychologists who plan to go into individual practice complete a doctoral degree. Doctoral programs in psychology usually require five years of full-time study. Students take courses in a variety of psychological topics, including cognitive psychology, social psychology and lifespan development, as well as research methods and measurements to prepare for the independent research that will be the basis for their dissertations. Upon completion of the doctoral program, students earn either a doctorate in psychology or Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) degree. In the case of the Psy.D. degree, however, exams and clinical study may replace the dissertation for graduation requirements.
  
  

Other Degrees

• Individuals who plan to work as school psychologists must complete a specialist degree. Specialist programs usually consist of three years of full-time study and one year of internship. In addition to traditional psychology courses, students earning a specialist degree also take education classes since they will be working in a school environment with students. Some psychologists complete a master's degree instead of a doctoral or specialist degree. This is usually the case for those who wish to work as industrial-organization psychologists. A master's degree is also acceptable if the individual plans for a career in research under the guidance of a psychologist with a doctoral degree. Master's programs in psychology are usually two years long, and involve both clinical experience and an independent research project.
  
  

Licensure

• Every state requires psychologists to obtain a license in order to practice. The licensing requirements vary from state to state, but in most cases, counseling psychologists must have a doctoral degree and at least a year of professional experience. In addition, psychologists must pass a state licensing exam, and complete continuing education to keep their license current.
  
  

Certification

• Many psychologists choose to become certified in their given specialty by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP). The ABPP certifies individuals in 13 specialties, including clinical health, group, forensic and couple and family. Certified psychologists must have a doctoral degree, be licensed to practice and have professional experience in their given specialty. They must also pass a certification examination.
  
  

Employment Opportunities

• Psychologists with doctoral degrees have a wide variety of employment opportunities. Many choose to operate private or individual practices as clinical psychologists. Others teach or conduct research at colleges and universities. They may also find employment at private companies or government agencies. Psychologists with specialist degrees may find work as school psychologists, while those with master's degrees often work as industrial-organization psychologists, and help businesses with diversity and antidiscrimination issues.